Q1.
Cells, tissues and organs are adapted to take in different substances and get rid of different substances.
The table shows the concentration of four ions outside cells and inside cells.
 
Ion	Concentration outside cells in mmol per dm3	Concentration inside cells in mmol per dm3	
Sodium	140	    9	
Potassium	    7	138	
Calcium	    2	  27	
Chloride	118	    3	
(a)     Use information from the table above to complete the following sentences.
Sodium ions will move into cells by the process
of __________________________________ .
Potassium ions will move into cells by the process
of __________________________________ .
(2)
(b)     Some students investigated the effect of the different concentrations of sugar in four drinks, A, B, C and D, on the movement of water across a partially permeable membrane.
The students:
•        made four bags from artificial partially permeable membrane
•        put equal volumes of 5% sugar solution in each bag
•        weighed each bag containing the sugar solution
•        placed one bag in each of the drinks, A, B, C and D
•        after 20 minutes removed the bags containing the sugar solution and weighed them again.
The diagram below shows how they set up the investigation.
 
(i)      The bag in drink A got heavier after 20 minutes.
Explain why.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(3)
(ii)     In which drink, A, B, C or D, would you expect the bag to show the smallest change in mass?
 
Tick (✔) one box.	 	
 
A		 	B		 	C		 	D		
(1)
(iii)     Explain why you think the bag you chose in part (b)(ii) would show the smallest change.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q2.
(a)     In humans there are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.
The table below gives statements about cell division.
Tick () one box in each row to show if the statement is true for mitosis only, for meiosis only, or for both mitosis and meiosis.
The first row has been done for you.
 
Statement	Mitosis only	Meiosis only	Both mitosis
and meiosis	
How cells are replaced				
How gametes are made				
How a fertilised egg undergoes cell division				
How copies of the genetic information are made				
How genetically identical cells are produced				
(4)
(b)     Stem cells can be taken from human embryos.
In therapeutic cloning, an embryo is produced that has the same genes as the patient.
(i)      Name one source of human stem cells, other than human embryos.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Stem cells from embryos can be transplanted into patients for medical treatment.
Give one advantage of using stem cells from embryos, compared with cells from the source you named in part (i).
(1)
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(Total 6 marks)
Q3.
The image below shows some muscle cells from the wall of the stomach, as seen through a light microscope.
 
(a)     Describe the function of muscle cells in the wall of the stomach.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)     Figure above is highly magnified.
The scale bar in Figure above represents 0.1 mm.
Use a ruler to measure the length of the scale bar and then calculate the magnification of Figure above.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Magnification = _______________ times
(2)
(c)     The muscle cells in Figure above contain many mitochondria.
What is the function of mitochondria?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(d)     The muscle cells also contain many ribosomes. The ribosomes cannot be seen in Figure above.
(i)      What is the function of a ribosome?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Suggest why the ribosomes cannot be seen through a light microscope.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q4.
All living cells respire.
(a)     Respiration transfers energy from glucose for muscle contraction.
Describe how glucose from the small intestine is moved to a muscle cell.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)     The diagram below shows an experiment to investigate anaerobic respiration in yeast cells.
 
What is the purpose of the liquid paraffin in Tube A?
 
Tick one box.	 	
To prevent evaporation		
To stop air getting in		
To stop the temperature going up		
To stop water getting in		
(1)
(c)     The indicator solution in Tube B shows changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2).
The indicator is:
•        blue when the concentration of CO2 is very low
•        green when the concentration of CO2 is low
•        yellow when the concentration of CO2 is high.
What colour would you expect the indicator to be in Tube B during maximum rate of anaerobic respiration?
 
Tick one box.	 	
Blue		
Green		
Yellow		
(1)
(d)     Suggest how the experiment could be changed to give a reproducible way to measure the rate of the reaction.
Include any apparatus you would use.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(e)     Compare anaerobic respiration in a yeast cell with anaerobic respiration in a muscle cell.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q5.
Diagrams A, B and C show cells from different parts of the human body, all drawn to the same scale.
A B C
 
(a)     Which cell, A, B or C, appears to be best adapted to increase diffusion into or 
out of the cell?       
Give one reason for your choice.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b)     (i)      Cell C is found in the salivary glands.
Name the enzyme produced by the salivary glands.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Use information from the diagram to explain how cell C is adapted for producing this enzyme.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
Q6.
The diagrams show the same cell of a common pond plant.
Diagram A shows the cell in a hypotonic solution.
Diagram B shows the same cell in a hypertonic solution.
Diagram A                                                           Diagram B
 
(a)     What is a hypertonic solution?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)     What word is used to describe plant cells placed in:
(i)      a hypotonic solution
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     a hypertonic solution?
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(c)     Explain what has happened to the plant cell in diagram B.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(d)     Animal cells will also change when placed in different solutions.
Some red blood cells are put in a hypotonic solution.
Describe what would happen to these red blood cells and explain why this is different from what happened to the plant cell in diagram A.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

Mark schemes
Q1.
(a)     diffusion
1
active transport
1
this order only
(b)     (i)      concentration (of sugar) in the bag was higher (than in the drink)
allow concentration (of sugar) in the drink was lower (than in the bag)
or
higher concentration of water outside the bag or in the drink / boiling tube
allow higher water potential outside the bag or lower water potential inside the bag
1
(so) water moved in (to the tubing)
allow water moves down its concentration gradient
do not allow sugar moving
1
by osmosis
allow diffusion (of water)
do not allow sugar moving by osmosis or water moving by active transport
1
(ii)     B
1
(iii)     close(st) to the concentration in the bag or to 5%
allow small(est) diffusion gradient or close(st) to an equilibrium
1
(so rate of) diffusion / osmosis is slow
allow (so) less water moves in (to the bag)
ignore ref. to sugar
1
[8]
Q2.
(a)     
 
 	Mitosis only	Meiosis only	Both mitosis and meiosis	
How cells are replaced		 	 	
How gametes are made	 		 	
How a fertilised egg undergoes cell division		 	 	
How copies of the genetic information are made	 	 		
How genetically identical cells are produced		 	 	
if more than one tick per row then no mark
ignore first row
1
1
1
1
(b)     (i)      (adult) bone marrow
accept (umbilical) cord blood, skin, amniotic fluid / membrane
1
(ii)     cells will not be rejected by the patient’s body (if they have been produced by therapeutic cloning)
allow easier to obtain linked to embryo stem cells
or
(embryo stem cells) can develop into many different types of cells
allow doesn’t need an operation linked to bone marrow
or
(embryo stem cells) not yet differentiated / specialised or undifferentiated
accept embryo cells are pluripotent
1
[6]
Q3.
(a)     contract / shorten
ignore relax
do not allow expand
1
to churn / move / mix food
accept peristalsis / mechanical digestion
ignore movement unqualified
1
(b)     400
acceptable range 390-410
allow 1 mark for answer in range of 39 to 41
allow 1 mark for answer in range of 3900 to 4100
2
(c)     to transfer energy for use
allow to release / give / supply / provide energy
do not allow to ‘make’ / ߢproduce’ / ‘create’ energy
allow to make ATP
ignore to store energy
1
by (aerobic) respiration or from glucose
do not allow anaerobic
energy released for respiration = max 1 mark
1
(d)     (i)      to make protein / enzyme
ignore ‘antibody’ or other named protein
1
(ii)     too small / very small
allow light microscope does not have sufficient magnification / resolution
allow ribosomes are smaller than mitochondria
ignore not sensitive enough
ignore ribosomes are transparent
1
[8]
Q4.
(a)     glucose is absorbed by diffusion into the bloodstream
1
then blood delivers glucose to muscles in capillaries
1
(b)     to stop air getting in
1
(c)     yellow
1
(d)     collect the CO2 / gas with a measuring cylinder / gas syringe
1
(volume collected) in a certain time using a timer / watch
1
(e)     yeast produces ethanol but muscles produce lactic acid
marks can be awarded from correct word or balanced symbol equations
1
yeast produces CO2 but muscles do not
answers must be comparative
1
both release small amounts of energy
1
ignore both occur without oxygen
[9]
Q5.
(a)    B
no mark for “B” alone, the mark is for B and the explanation.
large(r) surface / area or large(r) membrane
accept reference to microvilli
ignore villi / hairs / cilia
accept reasonable descriptions of the surface eg folded membrane / surface
do not accept wall / cell wall
1
(b)    (i)      any one from:
•        (salivary) amylase
•        carbohydrase
1
(ii)     many ribosomes
do not mix routes. If both routes given award marks for the greater.
1
ribosomes produce protein
accept amylase / enzyme / carbohydrase is made of protein
or
(allow)
many mitochondria      (1)
mitochondria provide energy to build / make protein      (1)
accept ATP instead of energy
1
[4]
Q6.
(a)     more concentrated
must be a comparison
1
than the cell / cytoplasm
accept more salty / solutes / ions
accept cell is less concentrated than solution for 2 marks
1
(b)     (i)      turgid
1
(ii)     plasmolysed
accept flaccid
1
(c)     any four from:
•        water left the cell (in A)
•        by osmosis
•        from dilute to more concentrated solution
accept high to low water potential or from high to low water concentration
•        via partially permeable membrane
•        so cell membrane shrank away from cell wall
4
(d)     water enters the cells (by osmosis)
allow 1 mark for:
1
they burst / lyse / lysis occurs
water leaves and cell shrinks (if they think it is hypertonic solution)
1
animal cells have no cell wall or plant cells have a cell wall
1
cell wall prevents lysis / bursting / allows turgidity
allow correct description
1
[12]