Q1.
Hormones called auxins control plant growth.
A student investigated plant growth responses in roots.
This is the method used.
1.      Grow three bean seeds until their roots are 1 cm long.
2.      Attach the three bean seeds to moist cotton wool in a Petri dish.
Each bean seed root should point in a different direction.
3.      Fix the Petri dish vertically for 2 days in the dark.
Figure 1 shows the results.
Figure 1
 
(a)     Describe the direction of growth of the bean roots after 2 days.
Give one reason for this growth response.
Direction of root growth ________________________________________________
Reason ____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)     The student then noticed the shoots growing from the seeds.
He then:
1.      put a light above the Petri dish but did not move the seeds
2.      allowed the seeds to grow for 2 more days.
Predict the direction of growth of the bean shoots after 2 days.
Give one reason for your prediction.
Direction of root growth ________________________________________________
Reason ____________________________________________________________
(2)
(c)     Ethene is a plant hormone.
Ethene causes fruit to ripen.
Scientists measured the concentration of ethene found in fruit at different stages of ripeness.
Figure 2 shows the results.
Figure 2
 
At which stage of ripeness is there most ethene?
 
Tick one box.	 	
Stage 1		
Stage 2		
Stage 3		
Stage 4		
Stage 5		
(1)
(d)     Suggest how the scientists can find out if the result for Stage 1 was an anomaly.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e)     Gibberellins are a different type of plant hormone.
Farmers growing cotton plants in cold climates sometimes soak their seeds in a solution of gibberellins before planting the seeds.
Suggest an advantage of soaking seeds in a gibberellin solution in cold climates.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q2.
(a)     Diagram 1 shows the neurones and parts of the body involved in a response to touching a hot object.
Diagram 1
 
A neurone is a nerve cell. Neurones carry impulses around the body.
(i)      Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
 
Neurone A is a	motor neurone.
relay neurone.
sensory neurone.	
 
At point Y there is a tiny gap between two neurones called	an effector.
a receptor.
a synapse.	
(2)
(ii)     The hand touches a hot object. An impulse travels through the nervous system to the muscle (point X). The muscle moves the hand away from the hot object.
What does the muscle do to move the hand away from the hot object?
Tick () one box.
contract		
relax		
stretch		
(1)
(iii)    The action described in part (a) (ii) is a reflex action.
How can you tell that this action is not a conscious action?
Use information from the diagram.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iv)    Reflex actions like this are useful.
Explain why.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)     Some students investigated the effect of caffeine on a person’s reaction time.
The students used the following steps.
1. One student held a ruler just above a second student’s hand, as shown in Diagram 2.
Diagram 2
 
2. The student let go of the ruler. The second student caught it as soon as possible, as shown in Diagram 3.
Diagram 3
 
3. The students repeated this experiment seven more times.
4. The student catching the ruler then drank a cup of strong coffee.
    Coffee contains caffeine.
5. Fifteen minutes after drinking the coffee the students repeated steps 1 to 3.
Table 1 and Table 2 show the students’ results.
 
Table 1	 	Table 2	
Distance ruler fell
before it was caught
in cm	 	Distance ruler fell
before it was caught
in cm	
Before drinking coffee	 	After drinking coffee	
18	 	8	
21	 	13	
25	 	11	
15	 	17	
19	 	10	
16	 	14	
12	 	13	
21	 	13	
Mean = 18.4	 	Mean = 12.4	
(i)      The students used the reading on the ruler as a measure of the reaction time.
What do the results show about the effect of caffeine on reaction time?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Look carefully at all the data in Table 1 and Table 2.
Using the data in Table 1 and Table 2, give one reason why a scientist may not accept your conclusion in part (b) (i).
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii)    How could the students improve their investigation?
Suggest two ways.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q3.
Glands in the body produce hormones.
(a)     Use words from the box to label gland A and gland B on the diagram below.
 
Adrenal          Pancreas          Pituitary          Testis          Thyroid	
 
(2)
(b)     Which gland produces oestrogen?
 
Tick one box.	 	
Ovary		
Pancreas		
Testis		
Thyroid		
(1)
(c)     Table 1 shows some methods of contraception.
Table 1
 
Type of contraception	Percentage (%) of pregnancies prevented	
Oral pill	>99	
Implant	  99	
Condom	  98	
Diaphragm	<96	
Which method of contraception in Table 1 is least effective at preventing pregnancy?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d)     Which method of contraception in Table 1 will protect against sexually transmitted diseases like HIV?
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e)     Another method of contraception is called the intrauterine device (IUD).
There are two main types of IUD:
•        copper
•        plastic.
Both types of IUD are more than 99% effective.
Look at Table 2.
Table 2
 
 	Copper IUD	Plastic IUD	
How the IUD works	•     releases copper
•     copper changes the fluids in the uterus to kill sperm

	•     releases a hormone
•     hormone thickens mucus from the cervix so the sperm have more difficulty swimming to the egg	
Benefits	•     prevents pregnancy for up to 10 years
•     can be removed at any time
•     can be used as emergency contraception	•     prevents pregnancy for up to 5 years
•     can be removed at any time
 	
Possible
side effects	•     very painful periods
•     heavy periods or periods which last for a long time
•     feeling sick, back pain
 
 	•     painful periods
•     light periods or no periods
•     feeling sick, headaches, breast pain, acne
•     hormones may affect mood
•     ovarian cysts	
Evaluate the use of the plastic IUD as a contraceptive compared to the copper IUD.
Use the information in Table 2.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
Q4.
Hormones are involved in controlling the menstrual cycle and fertility.
(a)     (i)      Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
 
auxin              follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)              thalidomide	
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland is ____________________
(1)
(ii)     Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
 
luteinising hormone (LH)                   oestrogen                   statin	
A hormone produced by the ovaries is ___________________________
(1)
(b)     (i)      Why are fertility drugs given to some women?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)      A doctor injects fertility drugs into a woman. After the injection, the hormones travel to the woman’s ovaries.
How do the hormones travel to the ovaries?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
 
through the bloodstream	through the neurones	through the skin	
(1)
(c)     Which two hormones are used in contraceptive pills?
Tick (✔) two boxes.
 
FSH		 	oestrogen		 	
LH		 	progesterone		 	
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q5.
(a)     List A gives the names of three stages in trialling a new drug.
List B gives information about the three stages.
Draw a line from each stage in List A to the correct information in List B.
 
List A
Stage	 	List B
Information	
 	 	Used to find if the drug is toxic	
Tests on humans
including a placebo	 	 	
 	 	The first stage in the clinical trials
of the drug	
Tests on humans using
very small quantities of
the drug	 	 	
 	 	Used to find the optimum dose
of the drug	
Tests on animals	 	 	
 	 	Used to prove that the drug is
effective on humans	
(3)
(b)     Read the passage.
 
Daily coffee dose delays development of Alzheimer’s in humans.	
Alzheimer’s is a brain disease that causes memory loss in elderly people.
Scientists studied 56 mice that had been genetically engineered to
develop Alzheimer’s.	
Before treatment all the mice did badly in memory tests.	
Half the mice were given a daily dose of caffeine in their drinking water.
The dose was equivalent to the amount of caffeine in six cups of coffee for
a human.	
The other mice were given ordinary water.	
After two months, the caffeine-drinking mice did better in memory tests
than the mice drinking ordinary water.	
The headline for the passage is not justified.
Explain why as fully as possible.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q6.
A man hurt his head in an accident.
Doctors found that he could not remember anything that had happened on the day of the accident.
(a)     (i)      Name the part of the brain concerned with memory.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Name one method the doctors could use to find out how much the brain was damaged.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(b)     The doctors were worried that the man might also have injured his spine.
They touched different areas of his skin with a sharp point.
They asked him to tell them each time if he could feel the sharp point.
(i)      Explain how the information about the sharp point touching the skin reaches the man’s brain.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(6)
(ii)     The doctors found that the man could feel the sharp point when the point touched his arms but not when the point touched his legs.
Suggest what this information could tell the doctors about the damage to the man’s spinal cord. Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q7.
The human body produces many hormones.
(a)     (i)      What is a hormone?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Name an organ that produces a hormone.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii)    How are hormones transported to their target organs?
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(b)     Describe how the hormones FSH, oestrogen and LH are involved in the control of the menstrual cycle.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q8.
(a)     A student investigated the effect of a plant hormone on the growth of roots by plant cuttings.
The student took six stem cuttings from the same plant. He put the cuttings in test tubes containing hormone solutions of different concentrations.
The image below shows the six cuttings after 2 weeks.
 
(i)      What is the best concentration of hormone for encouraging root growth?
____________________ arbitrary units
(1)
(ii)     Give two functions of plant roots.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(iii)    Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
 
Taking cuttings to produce new plants is an example of	asexual reproduction.
genetic engineering.
sexual reproduction.	
(1)
(b)     Another student investigated the effect of light, shining from one side, on the growth of plant shoots.
The diagram below shows how the student treated the shoots and the results she obtained after 12 hours.
 
(i)      What is the response to light shown by Seedling A called?
Tick (✓) one box.
cloning		
a reflex		
a tropism		
(1)
(ii)     The student concluded that the shoot tip is sensitive to light.
What evidence is there in the diagram above for this conclusion?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(c)     The seedling produces a hormone which helps to control its response to light.
(i)      What is the name of the hormone?
Tick (✓) one box.
auxin		
glucagon		
glycerol		
(1)
(ii)     How does the hormone control the response of Seedling A to light shining from one side?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
Q9.
In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) is used to help some women get pregnant.
(a)     Name the two hormones used in IVF treatment.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)     The diagram shows the process of IVF.
 
Describe the process of IVF. Use information from the diagram to help you.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q10.
The internal body temperature determines how much a person sweats. The graph shows the effect of different internal body temperatures on a person’s rate of energy loss by sweating.
 
(a)     How much more energy was lost from the body each second by sweating when the body temperature was 37.6 °C than when it was 36.6 °C? Show clearly how you work out your final answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Amount of energy = ________________ joules per second
(2)
(b)     Explain why a person would feel more thirsty when the body temperature was 37.6 °C than when it was 36.6 °C.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c)     Explain how sweating helps to control body temperature.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
 
Q11.
The graph shows the concentration of glucose in the blood of two people. Person A is a non-diabetic. Person B has diabetes. Each person ate 75 grams of glucose at 1.0 hours.
 
(a)     (i)      What was the maximum concentration of glucose in the blood of Person A?
_________________________________ mmol per dm3
(1)
(ii)     After eating the glucose, how long did it take for the concentration of glucose in the blood of Person B to return to normal?
________________________________________ hours
(1)
(b)     A diabetic person does not produce enough insulin.
(i)      Which organ produces insulin?
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Write the letter X on the graph to show one time when the blood of Person A would contain large amounts of insulin.
(1)
(c)     A high concentration of glucose in the blood can harm body cells as a result of osmosis.
Explain why.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
 
Q12.
 Dialysis can be used to treat a person with kidney disease.
The diagram shows blood and dialysis fluid separated by a partially permeable membrane.
 
Blood plasma and dialysis fluid contain several substances dissolved in water.
The table shows the concentrations of some of these substances in dialysis fluid and in the blood plasma of a person with kidney disease immediately before dialysis.
 
Substance	Concentration of substance in grams per dm3	
	Blood plasma of person
with kidney disease	Dialysis fluid	
Sodium ions	3.26	3.15	
Urea	0.45	0.00	
Glucose	0.90	0.99	
Protein	60.00	0.00	
(a)     Protein molecules are not able to move from the blood to the dialysis fluid.
Use information from the diagram to explain why.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b)     Urea molecules move from the blood into the dialysis fluid.
(i)      Give the name of this type of movement. ______________________ 
(1)
(ii)     Why do the urea molecules move in this direction?
Use information from the table to help you to answer this question.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(c)     The concentration of sodium ions in the blood plasma will change during dialysis.
Suggest a value for the concentration of sodium ions in the plasma at the end of dialysis.
Use information from the table.
Concentration of sodium ions =    ___________________ grams per dm3
(1)
(d)     For most patients a kidney transplant is better than continued treatment by dialysis.
(i)      Give two advantages of having a kidney transplant rather than treatment by dialysis.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii)     Give two possible disadvantages of having a kidney transplant.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q13.
A student investigated growth responses in plants.
The student grew a bean seed in a box filled with moist soil, as shown in Diagram A. After the seed had started to grow, the box was turned onto its side and placed in a dark room, as shown in Diagram B.
 
(a)     Complete Diagram C to show what the root and shoot will look like three days later.
 
(2)
(b)     Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
The results of the investigation show that the root is sensitive to	light.

moisture.

gravity.	
(1)
(c)     A hormone in the plant causes the growth responses.
What is the name of this hormone?
Tick () one box.
 
Auxin		
Statin		
Steroid		
(1)
(d)     Gardeners can use some plant hormones as weed killers.
(i)      Give one different use of plant hormones by gardeners.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Selective weed killers only kill some plants in a garden.
Killing weeds in a garden reduces competition between plants.
Give three factors that plants compete for.
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q14.
Humans use the nervous system to react to changes in the environment.
(a)     (i)      Which word means a change in the environment?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
 
neurone	reflex	stimulus	
(1)
(ii)     Figure 1 shows a light receptor cell.

Use the correct answer from the box to label part A on Figure 1.
 
chloroplast	cytoplasm	vacuole	
(1)
(b)      Figure 2 shows a boy riding a bicycle on a sunny day.
 
© Stockbyte/Thinkstock
(i)      Receptors in the boy’s body detect changes in the environment.
Complete the table to show which organ of the body contains the receptors for each change in the environment.
 
Change in the environment	Organ that contains the
receptors	
Sound of traffic from behind him		
Flashing blue lights of a police car		
Cooler air temperature in the shadows		
(3)
(ii)     The boy’s response to danger is to pull on the bicycle brakes.
Which type of effector causes this response?
Tick () one box.
 
A gland		
A muscle		
A synapse		
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Mark schemes
Q1.
(a)     grown down
allow longer
1
towards gravity / gravitropism
allow geotropism
1
(b)     grow up
1
towards the light
allow phototropism
1
(c)     3
1
(d)     repeat the experiment
1
(e)     seeds germinate sooner so growing season is longer
1
[7]
Q2.
(a)     (i)      sensory neurone
1
a synapse
1
(ii)     contract
1
(iii)    not connected to brain / coordinated only by spinal cord
1
(iv)    automatic / rapid (response)
allow no thinking / faster / less time
1
protects body from danger / from damage / from burning
1
(b)     (i)      caffeine decreases reaction time
accept caffeine speeds up / quicker reactions
1
(ii)     the two sets of results overlap (considerably)
allow use of appropriate numbers – eg 5 of the ‘after’ results overlap with the ‘before’ results
allow ‘wide spread of results’
allow ‘it was just one person’ or ‘it was a small sample’
accept use of one pair of results only – if meaning is clear
accept use of one pair of overlapping results
1
(iii)    any two sensible suggestions: eg
•        more repetitions
•        perform investigation on several other people
•        use other (measured) amounts of coffee
•        use different / more time intervals
•        other suggested measure of reaction time – eg computer-generated light flash + time measurement
•        use pure caffeine or caffeine tablets
2
[10]
Q3.
(a)     A – pituitary
1
B – adrenal
1
(b)     ovary
1
(c)     diaphragm
allow phonetic spelling
1
(d)     condom
1
(e)     Level 2 (3–4 marks):
A detailed and coherent evaluation is provided which considers a range of advantages
and disadvantages and comes to a conclusion consistent with the reasoning.
Level 1 (1–2 marks):
An attempt to describe the advantages and disadvantages is made, which may not
come to a conclusion. The logic may be inconsistent at times.
0 marks:
No relevant content.
Indicative content
advantages of the plastic IUD:
•        is effective for longer than the copper IUD
•        does not need to be replaced as often as the copper IUD
•        although the pain of periods are more severe, the pain with the copper IUD is likely
to be worse
•        can reduce the bleeding during a period
•        most of the possible side effects are not serious, eg feeling sick, acne and headaches.
disadvantages of the plastic IUD:
•        needs to be implanted for a period of time before it is effective ie not emergency contraception
•        can make the pain of period more severe
•        can cause more side effects than the copper IUD
•        can cause some more severe side effects such as cysts on the ovaries
an understanding that the side effects are only possible and may not necessarily occur
additional examiner guidance:
•        pupils should add value to the points in the table and should not just be copies verbatim
•        credit can also be given for other correct advantages and disadvantages from the candidates’ own knowledge and understanding
•        allow converse points if clearly made
4
[9]
Q4.
(a)     (i)      follicle stimulating hormone / FSH
1
(ii)     oestrogen
1
(b)    (i)      any one from:
•        to help them have a baby / get pregnant
ignore to make them fertile
•        to stimulate egg production / release / maturation
•        own levels of FSH / LH / hormone (too) low
allow to increase hormone / FSH / LH levels
do not allow to increase oestrogen levels
1
(ii)     through the bloodstream
1
(c)     oestrogen
1
progesterone
1
[6]
Q5.
(a)

1 mark for each correct line
mark each line from left hand box
two lines from left hand box cancels mark for that box
3
(b)     any three from:
Students have been informed that the headline is not justified
•        reference to reliability, eg only a small number of mice tested
or trial too short
or investigation not repeated
•        reference to control, eg mice given caffeine not coffee
or 6 cups (equivalence) is more than 1 dose
•        (and) the effect on mice might not be same as on humans
allow only tested on mice
•        (also) text suggests that the treatment improves memory loss (rather than delays it) 
accept text suggests disease cured
         or mice already have memory loss or experiment only showed improvement in memory
or does not show delays Alzheimer’s
or experiment not done on old mice
allow reference to the fact that mice engineered to have it
3
[6]
Q6.
(a)     (i)      cerebral cortex
accept cerebrum / cerebral hemisphere
1
(ii)     MRI (scan)
allow CAT / CT scan
do not accept MIR
or
electrode stimulation
allow electrical stimulation
1
(b)     (i)      sharp point stimulates (pain) receptor (in the skin)
must be in correct order
1
to send (nerve) impulse
ignore information and messages
1
via sensory neurone
1
to spinal cord
do not accept spine, ignore CNS
1
crosses synapse
allow synapse in any correct context
1
to other (relay) neurones / to brain
do not accept motor neurone
allow explanation in a flow diagram
1
(ii)     damage must be between arms and legs / below arms
accept below the waist
1
since information from nerves in arms still reaches the brain / information from the legs doesn’t reach the brain
1
[10]
Q7.
(a)      (i)      any one from:
•        chemical messenger / message
allow substance / material which is a messenger
•        chemical / substance produced by a gland
allow material produced by a gland
•        chemical / substance transported to / acting on a target organ
•        chemical / substance that controls body functions
1
(ii)     gland / named endocrine gland
brain alone is insufficient
allow phonetic spelling
1
(iii)    in blood / plasma or circulatory system or bloodstream
accept blood vessels / named
do not accept blood cells / named
1
(b)     each hormone must be linked to correct action
apply list principle
ignore the gland producing hormone
FSH stimulates oestrogen (production) / egg maturation / egg ripening
ignore production / development of egg
1
oestrogen inhibits FSH
allow oestrogen stimulates LH / build up of uterine lining
1
LH stimulates egg / ovum release / ovulation
accept LH inhibits oestrogen
accept LH controls / stimulates
growth of corpus luteum
ignore production of egg
1
[6]
Q8.
(a)     (i)      3.0
accept 3
1
(ii)     any two from:
•        take in water
•        take in ions / minerals / nutrients
accept salts / named ions
ignore food
•        anchorage / support
2
(iii)    asexual reproduction
1
(b)     (i)      a tropism
1
(ii)     if tip exposed / A – grows / bends towards light
allow tip of A moves towards light
ignore A responds to light
allow remained ‘straight’
1
if tip covered / B – did not grow towards light / remained vertical
ignore B does not respond to light
ignore phototropism
only A grows towards the light = 2 marks
1
(c)     (i)      auxin
1
(ii)     hormone comes from the tip
1
more on shady side / moves away from light
allow reference to right-hand side
1
stimulates growth
1
more growth on shady side (than on light side)
answer must be comparative
ignore phototropism
ignore cell division
1
[12]
Q9.
(a)     FSH / follicle stimulating hormone
allow FHS
either order
1
LH / luteinizing hormone
1
(b)     any four from:
•        egg(s) collected from ovary
•        (eggs) mixed with sperm or fertilisation occurs
allow eggs and sperm put into tube
•        fertilised egg divides
•        embryo formed
•        (embryos) inserted into womb / uterus
ignore references to vagina
•        FSH matures egg and LH releases eggs
4
[6]
Q10.
(a)     345 to 350
ignore working or lack of working
use of 355 to 360 and 10 for 1 mark
2
(b)     any two from:
more sweating (at 37.6 °C)
‘more’ at least once in the first 2 points
more water loss or dehydration occurs
do not accept prevents dehydration only
          blood becomes (more) concentrated / (more) salty or need to replace water
stimulation of the hypothalamus
2
(c)     any three from:
evaporation
of water
do not accept just water loss unqualified
cools skin or uses heat from skin
          cools blood / heat from blood (passing through skin)
related to sweating
cooling the blood
ignore vasodilation
3
[7]
Q11.
(a)     (i)      6
1
(ii)     4
1
(b)     (i)      pancreas
ignore islets of langerhans
1
(ii)     ‘X’ anywhere between >1 and ≤ 2 hours
anywhere in that column
1
(c)     any four from:
          water movement
do not accept solution
          out of cells
          dilute to concentrated solution
accept reference to correct gradient -
high to low or high to low ‘water concentration’
must be unambiguous – i.e. not ‘high to low concentration’
accept low to high concentration
          reference to partially / selectively
permeable membranes or described
          cells shrink / get smaller
allow crenated
ignore plasmolysed / flaccid / floppy
etc
4
[8]
Q12.
(a)     (protein molecules too) big or larger than pore size
allow cannot fit through the pores / hole / gaps
1
(b)     (i)      diffusion
1
(ii)     high to low concentration
ignore along gradient / across gradient
or high concentration in blood, low concentration in dialysis fluid
allow there is none in dialysis fluid
or down concentration gradient
or correct use of numbers
1
(c)     any value between 3.15 and 3.25 (inclusive)
1
(d)     (i)      any two from:
•        kidney works all the time or dialysis works for short time
ignore enables an active life
         or
dialysis needs regular trips to hospital / regular treatment / long term
treatment
accept kidney transplant is one off treatment
•        kidney maintains correct concentration all the time or no build-up as
between dialysis sessions
•        no need to regulate diet or correct example – eg low salt / low protein
/ low fluid intake as with dialysis
•        cheaper in the long term
2
(ii)     any two from:
•        rejection / described or need to use immunosuppressants or need to
take drugs for life
allow may need later replacement
•        susceptible to other infections
•        hazards of operation / anaesthetic
•        shortage of donors / match
•        high initial cost
2
[8]
Q13.
(a)     diagram to show root growing down
allow single lines or not attached or open ends for both marks 
all branches must go down
1
diagram to show shoot growing up
all branches must go up
1
(b)     gravity
1
(c)     Auxin
1
(d)     (i)      rooting / cuttings
accept other suggestions, eg fruit set / ripening
do not accept weed killers
1
(ii)     any three from:
•        light
ignore sun / energy
•        water / moisture
•        nutrients / ions / minerals
accept one named mineral
ignore nutrition / food
•        space / area
ignore soil / land / territory / volume
ignore reference to gases
3
[8]
Q14.
(a)     (i)      stimulus
1
(ii)     cytoplasm
1
(b)     (i)      ear(s)
in this order only
1
eye(s)
accept retina
1
skin
ignore extra detail
1
(ii)     A muscle
1
[6]