Q1.
(a)     List A gives the names of three stages in trialling a new drug.
List B gives information about the three stages.
Draw a line from each stage in List A to the correct information in List B.
 
List A
Stage	 	List B
Information	
 	 	Used to find if the drug is toxic	
Tests on humans
including a placebo	 	 	
 	 	The first stage in the clinical trials
of the drug	
Tests on humans using
very small quantities of
the drug	 	 	
 	 	Used to find the optimum dose
of the drug	
Tests on animals	 	 	
 	 	Used to prove that the drug is
effective on humans	
(3)
(b)     Read the passage.
 
Daily coffee dose delays development of Alzheimer’s in humans.	
Alzheimer’s is a brain disease that causes memory loss in elderly people.
Scientists studied 56 mice that had been genetically engineered to
develop Alzheimer’s.	
Before treatment all the mice did badly in memory tests.	
Half the mice were given a daily dose of caffeine in their drinking water.
The dose was equivalent to the amount of caffeine in six cups of coffee for
a human.	
The other mice were given ordinary water.	
After two months, the caffeine-drinking mice did better in memory tests
than the mice drinking ordinary water.	
The headline for the passage is not justified.
Explain why as fully as possible.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q2.
A man hurt his head in an accident.
Doctors found that he could not remember anything that had happened on the day of the accident.
(a)     (i)      Name the part of the brain concerned with memory.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Name one method the doctors could use to find out how much the brain was damaged.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(b)     The doctors were worried that the man might also have injured his spine.
They touched different areas of his skin with a sharp point.
They asked him to tell them each time if he could feel the sharp point.
(i)      Explain how the information about the sharp point touching the skin reaches the man’s brain.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(6)
(ii)     The doctors found that the man could feel the sharp point when the point touched his arms but not when the point touched his legs.
Suggest what this information could tell the doctors about the damage to the man’s spinal cord. Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
Q3.
The human body produces many hormones.
(a)     (i)      What is a hormone?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Name an organ that produces a hormone.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii)    How are hormones transported to their target organs?
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(b)     Describe how the hormones FSH, oestrogen and LH are involved in the control of the menstrual cycle.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q4.
(a)     A student investigated the effect of a plant hormone on the growth of roots by plant cuttings.
The student took six stem cuttings from the same plant. He put the cuttings in test tubes containing hormone solutions of different concentrations.
The image below shows the six cuttings after 2 weeks.
 
(i)      What is the best concentration of hormone for encouraging root growth?
____________________ arbitrary units
(1)
(ii)     Give two functions of plant roots.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(iii)    Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
 
Taking cuttings to produce new plants is an example of	asexual reproduction.
genetic engineering.
sexual reproduction.	
(1)
(b)     Another student investigated the effect of light, shining from one side, on the growth of plant shoots.
The diagram below shows how the student treated the shoots and the results she obtained after 12 hours.
 
(i)      What is the response to light shown by Seedling A called?
Tick (✓) one box.
cloning		
a reflex		
a tropism		
(1)
(ii)     The student concluded that the shoot tip is sensitive to light.
What evidence is there in the diagram above for this conclusion?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(c)     The seedling produces a hormone which helps to control its response to light.
(i)      What is the name of the hormone?
Tick (✓) one box.
auxin		
glucagon		
glycerol		
(1)
(ii)     How does the hormone control the response of Seedling A to light shining from one side?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
Q5.
In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) is used to help some women get pregnant.
(a)     Name the two hormones used in IVF treatment.
1. _________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)     The diagram shows the process of IVF.
 
Describe the process of IVF. Use information from the diagram to help you.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
Q6.
The internal body temperature determines how much a person sweats. The graph shows the effect of different internal body temperatures on a person’s rate of energy loss by sweating.
 
(a)     How much more energy was lost from the body each second by sweating when the body temperature was 37.6 °C than when it was 36.6 °C? Show clearly how you work out your final answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Amount of energy = ________________ joules per second
(2)
(b)     Explain why a person would feel more thirsty when the body temperature was 37.6 °C than when it was 36.6 °C.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c)     Explain how sweating helps to control body temperature.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
 
Q7.
The graph shows the concentration of glucose in the blood of two people. Person A is a non-diabetic. Person B has diabetes. Each person ate 75 grams of glucose at 1.0 hours.
 
(a)     (i)      What was the maximum concentration of glucose in the blood of Person A?
_________________________________ mmol per dm3
(1)
(ii)     After eating the glucose, how long did it take for the concentration of glucose in the blood of Person B to return to normal?
________________________________________ hours
(1)
(b)     A diabetic person does not produce enough insulin.
(i)      Which organ produces insulin?
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Write the letter X on the graph to show one time when the blood of Person A would contain large amounts of insulin.
(1)
(c)     A high concentration of glucose in the blood can harm body cells as a result of osmosis.
Explain why.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
 
Q8.
Homeostasis controls the internal conditions of the body.
(a)     Explain how blood glucose levels are controlled in the body of someone who does not have diabetes.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(b)     Compare how each type of diabetes is caused.
Suggest how each type of diabetes can be treated.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(c)     Look at the table below.
 
Population of UK in 2015	6.5 × 107	
Number of people diagnosed with diabetes	3.45 × 106	
Estimated number of people with undiagnosed diabetes	5.49 × 105	
Calculate the percentage (%) of the UK population estimated to have diabetes.
You should include both diagnosed and undiagnosed people in your calculation.
Give your answer to 2 significant figures.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Estimated percentage of population with diabetes = ___ %
(3)
(d)     A urine test can be used to check for the presence of glucose in the urine.
Diabetes can also be diagnosed with a blood test to measure the concentration of blood glucose.
Suggest why a blood test is more reliable than a urine test.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(e)     A blood test called the glucose tolerance test checks how well the body processes glucose.
Concentrations of glucose in the blood are measured before and after drinking a glucose drink.
Patients are not allowed to eat food for 8 hours before the glucose tolerance test.
Suggest why patients are not allowed to eat for 8 hours before the test.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(f)     The diagram below shows the results of a glucose tolerance test for two patients, A and B.
 
Which patient has diabetes?
Justify your answer.
Patient  _____________
Justification  ________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 15 marks)
Q9.
Urine consists of water, ions and other substances such as urea. 
Urine is formed in the kidney by filtering the blood.
The diameter of the pores in the filter is about 6 nanometres.
The table shows the diameters of the molecules of some of the substances in the 
blood.
 
Substance	Diameter of molecule in nanometres	
A	10 to 20	
B	1	
C	0.6	
D	0.5	
E	0.2	
Use information from the table and your own knowledge to answer the questions.
(a)     (i)      Which substance, A, B, C, D or E, is protein?   
(1)
(ii)     Protein is not found in the urine of a healthy person.
Explain why.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(b)     Substance B is not found in the urine of a healthy person. 
Suggest an explanation for this.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c)     Haemolytic anaemia is a disease in which some of the red blood cells burst open.
Small amounts of haemoglobin may be found in the urine of a person suffering from 
haemolytic anaemia.
The diameter of a haemoglobin molecule is 5.5 nanometres.
Haemoglobin is not found in the urine of a healthy person, but haemoglobin can be 
found in the urine of a person with haemolytic anaemia.
Explain why.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q10.
 Dialysis can be used to treat a person with kidney disease.
The diagram shows blood and dialysis fluid separated by a partially permeable membrane.
 
Blood plasma and dialysis fluid contain several substances dissolved in water.
The table shows the concentrations of some of these substances in dialysis fluid and in the blood plasma of a person with kidney disease immediately before dialysis.
 
Substance	Concentration of substance in grams per dm3	
	Blood plasma of person
with kidney disease	Dialysis fluid	
Sodium ions	3.26	3.15	
Urea	0.45	0.00	
Glucose	0.90	0.99	
Protein	60.00	0.00	
(a)     Protein molecules are not able to move from the blood to the dialysis fluid.
Use information from the diagram to explain why.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b)     Urea molecules move from the blood into the dialysis fluid.
(i)      Give the name of this type of movement. ______________________ 
(1)
(ii)     Why do the urea molecules move in this direction?
Use information from the table to help you to answer this question.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(c)     The concentration of sodium ions in the blood plasma will change during dialysis.
Suggest a value for the concentration of sodium ions in the plasma at the end of dialysis.
Use information from the table.
Concentration of sodium ions =    ___________________ grams per dm3
(1)
(d)     For most patients a kidney transplant is better than continued treatment by dialysis.
(i)      Give two advantages of having a kidney transplant rather than treatment by dialysis.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii)     Give two possible disadvantages of having a kidney transplant.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q11.
It is important to remove waste products from our bodies.
Healthy kidneys help to keep our internal environment constant.
(a)     Describe how a healthy kidney produces urine.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(b)     A child has kidney failure and is treated with dialysis.
Before the dialysis starts, the doctor measures the concentration of urea and glucose in the child’s blood.
The table shows the results.
 
 	Concentration in the
blood before dialysis
starts in mmol per dm3	
Urea	28	
Glucose	6	
The child has a normal blood glucose concentration.
(i)      Sketch a graph on Figure 1 to suggest what will happen to the concentration of urea in the blood during dialysis.
 
(1)
(ii)     Sketch a graph on Figure 2 to suggest what will happen to the concentration of glucose in the blood during dialysis.
 
(1)
(c)     (i)      Another way of treating kidney failure is with a kidney transplant.
A transplanted kidney can be rejected.
Explain why the new kidney may be rejected.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(3)
(ii)     Describe one way in which doctors try to prevent kidney rejection.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
Q12.
People with type 1 diabetes inject insulin to control their blood glucose level.
A pancreas transplant is another treatment for type 1 diabetes.
One risk of a pancreas transplant is organ rejection.
(a)     Explain why a transplanted organ may be rejected.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(b)     Scientists have developed an artificial pancreas to treat type 1 diabetes.
The diagram below shows how an artificial pancreas works.
 
(i)      A woman with type 1 diabetes has an artificial pancreas. The woman eats a meal high in sugar. The meal causes her blood glucose level to rise.
Use information from the diagram above to describe what happens to bring the blood glucose level of the woman back to normal.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(4)
(ii)     The traditional way of monitoring and treating type 1 diabetes is to take a small sample of blood and put it on a test strip to find out how much insulin to inject.
Suggest one possible advantage, other than not having to do blood tests, of the method used in the diagram above.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)
Q13.
Figure 1 shows a reflex in the iris of the human eye in response to changes in light levels.
Figure 1
 
@ Gandee Vasan/Stone/Getty Images
(a)     Describe the changes in the pupil and iris going from A to B in Figure 1.
Explain how these changes occur.
Refer to the changes in light level in your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(b)     Some people wear glasses to improve their vision.
Figure 2 shows light entering the eye in a person with blurred vision.
Figure 3 shows how this condition is corrected with glasses.
                           Figure 2                                                  Figure 3
 
Compare Figure 2 and Figure 3.
Explain how the blurred vision is corrected.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Mark schemes
Q1.
(a)

1 mark for each correct line
mark each line from left hand box
two lines from left hand box cancels mark for that box
3
(b)     any three from:
Students have been informed that the headline is not justified
•        reference to reliability, eg only a small number of mice tested
or trial too short
or investigation not repeated
•        reference to control, eg mice given caffeine not coffee
or 6 cups (equivalence) is more than 1 dose
•        (and) the effect on mice might not be same as on humans
allow only tested on mice
•        (also) text suggests that the treatment improves memory loss (rather than delays it) 
accept text suggests disease cured
         or mice already have memory loss or experiment only showed improvement in memory
or does not show delays Alzheimer’s
or experiment not done on old mice
allow reference to the fact that mice engineered to have it
3
[6]
Q2.
(a)     (i)      cerebral cortex
accept cerebrum / cerebral hemisphere
1
(ii)     MRI (scan)
allow CAT / CT scan
do not accept MIR
or
electrode stimulation
allow electrical stimulation
1
(b)     (i)      sharp point stimulates (pain) receptor (in the skin)
must be in correct order
1
to send (nerve) impulse
ignore information and messages
1
via sensory neurone
1
to spinal cord
do not accept spine, ignore CNS
1
crosses synapse
allow synapse in any correct context
1
to other (relay) neurones / to brain
do not accept motor neurone
allow explanation in a flow diagram
1
(ii)     damage must be between arms and legs / below arms
accept below the waist
1
since information from nerves in arms still reaches the brain / information from the legs doesn’t reach the brain
1
[10]
Q3.
(a)      (i)      any one from:
•        chemical messenger / message
allow substance / material which is a messenger
•        chemical / substance produced by a gland
allow material produced by a gland
•        chemical / substance transported to / acting on a target organ
•        chemical / substance that controls body functions
1
(ii)     gland / named endocrine gland
brain alone is insufficient
allow phonetic spelling
1
(iii)    in blood / plasma or circulatory system or bloodstream
accept blood vessels / named
do not accept blood cells / named
1
(b)     each hormone must be linked to correct action
apply list principle
ignore the gland producing hormone
FSH stimulates oestrogen (production) / egg maturation / egg ripening
ignore production / development of egg
1
oestrogen inhibits FSH
allow oestrogen stimulates LH / build up of uterine lining
1
LH stimulates egg / ovum release / ovulation
accept LH inhibits oestrogen
accept LH controls / stimulates
growth of corpus luteum
ignore production of egg
1
[6]
Q4.
(a)     (i)      3.0
accept 3
1
(ii)     any two from:
•        take in water
•        take in ions / minerals / nutrients
accept salts / named ions
ignore food
•        anchorage / support
2
(iii)    asexual reproduction
1
(b)     (i)      a tropism
1
(ii)     if tip exposed / A – grows / bends towards light
allow tip of A moves towards light
ignore A responds to light
allow remained ‘straight’
1
if tip covered / B – did not grow towards light / remained vertical
ignore B does not respond to light
ignore phototropism
only A grows towards the light = 2 marks
1
(c)     (i)      auxin
1
(ii)     hormone comes from the tip
1
more on shady side / moves away from light
allow reference to right-hand side
1
stimulates growth
1
more growth on shady side (than on light side)
answer must be comparative
ignore phototropism
ignore cell division
1
[12]
Q5.
(a)     FSH / follicle stimulating hormone
allow FHS
either order
1
LH / luteinizing hormone
1
(b)     any four from:
•        egg(s) collected from ovary
•        (eggs) mixed with sperm or fertilisation occurs
allow eggs and sperm put into tube
•        fertilised egg divides
•        embryo formed
•        (embryos) inserted into womb / uterus
ignore references to vagina
•        FSH matures egg and LH releases eggs
4
[6]
Q6.
(a)     345 to 350
ignore working or lack of working
use of 355 to 360 and 10 for 1 mark
2
(b)     any two from:
more sweating (at 37.6 °C)
‘more’ at least once in the first 2 points
more water loss or dehydration occurs
do not accept prevents dehydration only
          blood becomes (more) concentrated / (more) salty or need to replace water
stimulation of the hypothalamus
2
(c)     any three from:
evaporation
of water
do not accept just water loss unqualified
cools skin or uses heat from skin
          cools blood / heat from blood (passing through skin)
related to sweating
cooling the blood
ignore vasodilation
3
[7]
Q7.
(a)     (i)      6
1
(ii)     4
1
(b)     (i)      pancreas
ignore islets of langerhans
1
(ii)     ‘X’ anywhere between >1 and ≤ 2 hours
anywhere in that column
1
(c)     any four from:
          water movement
do not accept solution
          out of cells
          dilute to concentrated solution
accept reference to correct gradient -
high to low or high to low ‘water concentration’
must be unambiguous – i.e. not ‘high to low concentration’
accept low to high concentration
          reference to partially / selectively
permeable membranes or described
          cells shrink / get smaller
allow crenated
ignore plasmolysed / flaccid / floppy
etc
4
[8]
Q8.
(a)     if too high insulin released from pancreas
1
so glucose is moved into cells
allow glucose is stored
1
if too low, glucagon is released (from pancreas)
1
causes glycogen to be converted to glucose and released into the blood
1
(b)     type 1 not enough / no insulin produced
1
whereas type 2 cells do not respond to insulin
1
type 1 is treated with injections of insulin
1
whereas type 2 is treated with diet and exercise
or
loss of weight
or
drugs
1
(c)     (3.45 × 106) + (5.49 × 105) = 3.999 × 106
or
3 450 000 + 549 000 = 3 999 000
allow 3.999 × 106 or 3 999 000 with no working shown for 1 mark
1
 
or
 
= 6.15
allow 6.15 with no working shown for 2 marks
allow for 1 mark for a calculation using either:
 
or
 
or
 
or
 
1
6.2
allow 6.2 with no working shown for 3 marks
1
allow ecf from second step correctly rounded for 1 mark
(d)     could be other reasons for glucose in urine
or
blood test gives current / immediate result, urine levels might be several hours old
or
not always glucose in urine
1
(e)     results not affected by glucose from food
or
8 hours is sufficient time for insulin to have acted on any glucose from food eaten
or
so that there is a low starting point to show the effect
1
(f)     (patient A)
no mark for identifying A
glucose level much higher (than B)
1
and remains high / does not fall
1
[15]
Q9.
(a)     (i)      A
1
(ii)     (protein) molecule is large
ignore letters
1
cannot pass through filter
(protein is) too big to get through the filter = 2 marks
1
(b)     B is taken back into the blood or
B is reabsorbed
1
reabsorbed completely
or reabsorbed after filtration
1
(c)     RBC is too big to pass through filter
1
Haemoglobin is inside red blood cells
or haemoglobin released when RBC bursts
1
Haemoglobin is small enough to pass through filter
or haemoglobin diameter 
1
[8]
Q10.
(a)     (protein molecules too) big or larger than pore size
allow cannot fit through the pores / hole / gaps
1
(b)     (i)      diffusion
1
(ii)     high to low concentration
ignore along gradient / across gradient
or high concentration in blood, low concentration in dialysis fluid
allow there is none in dialysis fluid
or down concentration gradient
or correct use of numbers
1
(c)     any value between 3.15 and 3.25 (inclusive)
1
(d)     (i)      any two from:
•        kidney works all the time or dialysis works for short time
ignore enables an active life
         or
dialysis needs regular trips to hospital / regular treatment / long term
treatment
accept kidney transplant is one off treatment
•        kidney maintains correct concentration all the time or no build-up as
between dialysis sessions
•        no need to regulate diet or correct example – eg low salt / low protein
/ low fluid intake as with dialysis
•        cheaper in the long term
2
(ii)     any two from:
•        rejection / described or need to use immunosuppressants or need to
take drugs for life
allow may need later replacement
•        susceptible to other infections
•        hazards of operation / anaesthetic
•        shortage of donors / match
•        high initial cost
2
[8]
Q11.
(a)      (the kidney) filters the blood
ignore refs to hormones and drugs
1
(and then) reabsorbs all of the glucose
1
reabsorbs some of the ions
allow salts
ignore minerals
1
reabsorbs some of the water
1
releases urea (in urine)
1
(b)     (i)      should fall from 28 (to the end of dialysis)
ignore any line drawn after end of dialysis
allow + / - 0.5 square 
graph line must fall to / below 
below 15
1
(ii)     should stay level at about 6 throughout
ignore slight variations 
allow + / - 1 square
ignore any line drawn after end of dialysis
1
(c)     (i)      immune system
allow white blood cells / lymphocytes
1
(produces) antibodies
1
(which) attack the antigens (on the transplanted kidney)
non-matching antigens insufficient
1
(ii)     any one from:
•        tissue typing (to find match)
•        treating with drugs that suppress the immune system
accept treat with immunosuppressants.
1
[11]
Q12.
(a)     immune system
allow white blood cells / lymphocytes
ignore phagocytes
1
produces antibodies
1
(which) attack the antigens on the transplanted organ / pancreas
allow transplanted organs have foreign antigens at start of explanation and linked to attacking the organ
1
(b)     (i)      change / rise detected by the sensor
1
information used to calculate how much insulin she is going to need (bring her blood glucose back to normal)
1
(pump delivers) insulin into the blood
1
(causing) glucose to move into cells
allow (liver) converts glucose to glycogen
1
max 2 if no ref. to artificial pancreas
(ii)     any one from:
•        it is more accurate or less chance of human error
•        (glucose) level will remain more stable or no big rises and falls in blood sugar levels
•        you don’t forget to test and / or inject insulin
•        if ill or in coma insulin is still injected
ignore continuous and automatic unqualified
1
[8]
Q13.
(a)     pupils dilated (at B)
allow converse for A
1
in dim light / low light levels
1
because circular muscles (in iris) relax
1
(and) radial muscles contract
1
(b)     figure 2 shows myopia where light does not focus on the retina
allow refraction
1
in figure 3 the lens bends the light so that light focuses on the retina
1
[6]