Q1.
Figure 1 shows a diagram of the human heart.
Figure 1
 
(a)     What part of the heart is labelled A?
 
Tick one box.	 	
Aorta		
Atrium		
Valve		
Ventricle		
(1)
(b)     Where does the pulmonary artery take blood to?
 
Tick one box.	 	
Brain		
Liver		
Lungs		
Stomach		
(1)
(c)     Circle a valve on Figure 1.
(1)
(d)     The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart.
Figure 2 shows two coronary arteries.
Figure 2
 
Describe two ways the healthy artery is different from the artery affected by coronary heart disease.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(e)     What can be used to treat people with coronary heart disease?
 
Tick two boxes.	 	
Antibiotics		
Hormones		
Statins		
Stent		
Vaccination		
(2)
(f)     Suggest two risk factors for coronary heart disease.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(g)     Figure 3 shows the percentages of adults in the UK who have coronary heart disease.
Figure 3
 
Calculate the difference in the percentage of male and female adults aged 65 and over who have coronary heart disease.
 __________________________ %
(1)
(h)     Which is the correct conclusion for the data in Figure 3?
 
Tick one box.	 	
Children do not suffer from coronary heart disease		
More males suffer from coronary heart disease than females		
More younger people suffer from coronary heart disease than older people		
(1)
(Total 11 marks)
Q2.
The diagram below shows an alveolus from a healthy lung and an alveolus from a damaged lung.
 
(a)     Which one of the following is a difference between the alveolus from the damaged lung and the alveolus from the healthy lung?
 
Tick (✔) one box.	 	
The damaged alveolus has a smaller surface area.		
The damaged alveolus has a shorter diffusion pathway.		
The damaged alveolus has a better blood supply.		
(1)
(b)     A person with damaged alveoli finds exercising difficult.
Which one of the following is the reason why the damaged alveoli will make exercising difficult?
 
Tick (✔) one box.	 	
Less carbon dioxide is taken in.		
Less energy is needed for exercise.		
Less oxygen is taken in.		
(1)
(Total 2 marks)
Q3.
The digestive system breaks down food into small molecules.
The small molecules can be absorbed into the blood.
The diagram below shows the human digestive system.
 
(a)     (i)      Which letter, A, B, C, D, E or F, shows each of the following organs?
 
Write one letter in each box.	 	
large intestine		
small intestine		
stomach		
(3)
(ii)     Different organs in the digestive system have different functions.
Draw one line from each function to the organ with that function.
 
(3)
(b)     Glucose is absorbed into the blood in the small intestine.
Most of the glucose is absorbed by diffusion.
How does the glucose concentration in the blood compare to the glucose concentration in the small intestine?
 
Tick (✔) one box.	 	
The concentration in the blood is higher.		
The concentration in the blood is lower.		
The concentration in the blood is the same.		
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q4.
Lipase is an enzyme that digests fat.
(a)     (i)      Complete the equation to show the digestion of fat.
Use the correct answer from the box.
 
glucose	glycerol	glycogen	
fat   fatty acids + ___________________
(1)
(ii)     Name one organ that makes lipase.
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(b)     Some students investigated the effect of bile on the digestion of fat by lipase.
The students:
1        mixed milk and bile in a beaker
2        put the pH sensor of a pH meter into the beaker
3        added lipase solution
4        recorded the pH at 2-minute intervals
5        repeated steps 1 to 4, but used water instead of bile.
Suggest two variables that the students should have controlled in this investigation.
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(c)     The graph shows the students’ results.
 
(i)      Why did the pH decrease in both investigations?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii)     Bile helps lipase to digest fat.
What evidence is there in the graph to support this conclusion?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii)    Suggest one reason why the contents of both beakers had the same pH at the end of the investigations.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
Q5.
(a)     Diagram 1 shows part of the breathing system.
Diagram 1
 
(i)      Use words from the box to name the parts labelled A, B, C and D.
 
alveolus	diaphragm	lung	rib	trachea	
A ____________________________
B ____________________________
C ____________________________
D ____________________________
(4)
(ii)     Parts B and C move when we breathe in.
Part B moves ____________________________________________
Part C moves ____________________________________________
(2)
(b)     A student used the apparatus shown in Diagram 2 to measure the maximum volume of air that he could breathe in one breath.
When the student breathes in, the piston moves upwards.
The piston moves back down after the student has breathed out.
Diagram 2
 
The student breathes in through the apparatus three times.
The drawings show the position of the piston after each of the three breaths.
The volumes are measured in cm3.
 
(i)      Read the volume of each breath and write the volume in the table.
 
 	Breath 1	Breath 2	Breath 3	
 Volume in cm3	___________	___________	___________	
(3)
(ii)     Calculate the mean volume of air breathed in.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Mean volume of air breathed in = ___________________ cm3
(2)
(c)     A teacher asks the student to investigate if students who take part in sports activities can breathe in a larger volume of air than students who do not take part.
Describe briefly how the student could use the same apparatus to do the investigation.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(d)     Photograph 1 shows a different piece of apparatus used to measure the volume of air that a person can breathe in one breath.
Photograph 1
 
© Digital Vision/Photodisc
When the student breathes out through the apparatus the pointer on the scale moves. The pointer stays in the same position when the student has finished.
Explain one advantage, apart from size, of using this apparatus rather than the apparatus described in part (b).
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(e)     Photograph 2 shows one type of mechanical ventilator.
Photograph 2
 
© Emine Donmaz/iStock
(i)      Use information from Photograph 2 to suggest how this type of ventilator works.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii)     Use information from Photograph 2 to suggest two disadvantages of this type of ventilator.
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 20 marks)
Q6.
(a)     A person cut his finger. A small amount of blood flowed from the cut but soon stopped due to blood clotting.
The following sentences describe what happens when a person has a small cut and a blood clot is formed.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.
(i)      The tiny blood vessels near the surface of the skin that are damaged
 
are	arteries.
capillaries.
veins.	
(1)
(ii)	Blood clotting is stimulated by	platelets.
red blood cells.
white blood cells.	
(1)
(iii)	During blood clotting	fibrinogen changes to fibrin.
haemoglobin changes to oxyhaemoglobin.
lipid changes to fatty acids.	
(1)
(b)     A blood transfusion is when a person is given blood from a donor.
A person has lost a lot of blood and needs a blood transfusion.
It is important to use blood of the correct blood group. If blood of the wrong blood group is used, the transfusion will not be safe.
The person giving the blood is called the donor.
The person receiving the blood is called the recipient.
Complete the table to show which transfusions are safe and which are unsafe.
Some of the table has been completed for you as an example.
Use the following symbols:
 = a safe transfusion
 = an unsafe transfusion
Donor blood group and antigens
 
(3)
(c)     (i)      Anti-B antibodies will bind only to the B antigen. They will not bind to the A antigen.
Explain why.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii)     Red blood cells have a diameter of about 8 micrometres.
Some capillaries have an internal diameter of about 10 micrometres.
Red blood cells, with antibodies bound to them, stick together.
B antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells in people who have blood group B.
Use this information to explain why transfusion of group B blood into a person of blood group A is unsafe.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 11 marks)

Mark schemes
Q1.
(a)     ventricle
1
(b)     lungs
1
(c)     valve circled on heart
1
(d)     no fatty deposit
1
healthy artery is wider / bigger hole / has more blood flow
1
(e)     statins
1
stent
1
(f)     any two from:
•        smoking
•        high-fat diet
•        lack of exercise
allow:
•        overweight / obese
•        having high blood pressure
•        having high cholesterol
2
(g)     8 (%)
1
(h)     more males have coronary heart disease than females
1
[11]
Q2.
(a)     The damaged alveolus has a smaller surface area.
1
(b)     Less oxygen is taken in.
1
[2]
Q3.
(a)     (i)    large intestine = E
1
small intestine = D
1
stomach = B
1
(ii)      
extra lines cancel
3
(b)    The concentration in the blood is lower.
1
[7]
Q4.
(a)     (i)      glycerol
1
(ii)     pancreas / small intestine
accept duodenum / ileum
ignore intestine unqualified
1
(b)     any two from:
•         type of milk
•         volume / amount of milk
•         vol. bile equals vol. water
•         volume of lipase
•         concentration of lipase
•         temperature
ignore time interval
ignore solution unqualified
do not allow pH
ignore starting pH
ignore volume / amount of bile / water
ignore concentration of bile
accept amount of lipase if neither volume nor concentration given
2
(c)     (i)      fatty acid (production)
1
(ii)     faster reaction / digestion (with bile)
or
pH decreases faster (with bile)
or
takes less time (with bile)
or
steeper fall / line (with bile)
allow use of data
ignore easier
1
(iii)    all fat / milk digested
or
same amount of fatty acids present
or
(lower pH) denatures the enzyme / lipase
allow all reactants used up
ignore reference to neutralisation
allow enzyme won’t work at low pH
do not allow enzyme killed
1
[7]
Q5.
(a)     (i)      A lung
1
B rib
1
C diaphragm
1
D alveolus / alveoli
1
(ii)     (B moves) up(wards) / out / up and out
1
(C moves) down(wards) / flattens
do not allow inwards
ignore outwards
if neither mark gained allow 1 mark for correct reference to muscle contraction
1
(b)     (i)      1640
1
1440
1
1720
allow max 1 for 3 correct values using of bottom of piston:
1380 + 1180 + 1480 to 1485
1
(ii)     1600
correct answer gains 2 marks
if answer incorrect allow 1 mark for evidence of
(1640 + 1440 + 1720) ÷ 3
allow ecf from (b)(i)
allow use of two numbers divided by two if one is considered anomalous:
  = 1680
for 2 marks
2
(c)     two groups of students − one group sports activity participants, other not
allow students as a group
1
fair test eg groups same height / same mass / same sex
1
measure air breathed in by each student / repeat previous experiment then calculate mean for group
1
(d)     pointer remains still after breathing / cylinder will move down after breathing (in)
1
error reading volume less likely
allow more accurate / reliable
1
(e)     (i)      operator squeezes bag
1
air forced / pushed into lungs
or
positive pressure ventilator
1
(ii)     any two from:
•        air pressure / volume not regulated
•        operator will tire / must be present at all times / variable intervals
•        too much / too little air
allow may ‘overbreathe’ the patient
2
[20]
Q6.
(a)     (i)      capillaries
1
(ii)     platelets
1
(iii)    fibrinogen changes to fibrin
1
(b)     
 
1 mark per correct row
or
1 mark per correct column
whichever is greater
3
(c)     (i)      antibody / antigen has specific shape
ignore active site
1
antibody fits antigen / has shape complementary to antigen
1
(ii)     group A has anti-B antibodies which bind to B-antigens
1
join / clump RBCs together so too big to pass through capillary / block capillary
1
any one consequence: lack of O2 / food / blood supply to body cells or cells can’t respire
ignore ‘cells die’ / ‘person dies’ - look for cause
1
[11]